Grupo Básico Español – lección veintisiete
Grupo Básico Español –
lección veintisiete
Buenos días a todos. Bienvenidos a la lección
veintisiete de la clase de español.
We have a
busy lesson planned … and quite a tough one.
Cielito Lindo
video
We’re
continuing with Chapter 10 of Sueños
We’re going
to start our book: La profe de español
We will learn
how to form the present perfect tense
But first …
¿Tuviste
una buena Pascua? Espero que hayas tenido muchos huevos de chocolate.
Did you have a good time? This is an important
part of chit chat and we need to know a few rules and tenses.
Tuviste is a useful word to know. It is the simple past
tense (preterite) conjugation of tener (to have) in the tu form; so, it means “you had”. Tuviste
una buena Pascua means “you had a Good Easter” and we ensure that it becomes a
question by a rising inflection at the end of the sentence.
We can use it for lots of things.
¿Tuviste
unas buenas vacaciones? Espero que hayas tenido un buen tiempo.
¿Tuviste
un buen viaje?
If there’s more than one person, it’s tuvieron.
If you want to ask someone if they had a nice
time, you can say: ¿Que tal lo pasaste? and a quick answer is: lo pasé bien.
What about the other part of the sentence? Espero que hayas tenido muchos huevos de chocolate. I hope you have
had lots of chocolate eggs. Why don’t we say: Espero que tuviste muchos
huevos de chocolate.
Whenever you express a wish or hope, the following
verb has to be in the subjunctive. “hayas tenido” is the subjunctive.
We often wish someone a good time and you can use
the imperative form of divertirse to do that: diviértete means enjoy yourself and diviértanse means enjoy yourselves.
However, as soon as you express a wish or hope,
you need to go into the subjunctive: Espero que se diviertan (I hope you
enjoy yourselves) o espero que te diviertes (I hope you enjoy yourself).
We’re going
to start our book: La Profe de español.
I want you
to read the first chapter for homework and we will go through it next week.
The text is
fairly easy, so I’m sure you’ll be fine. However, there are some examples of
the present perfect tense and I want to tell you how to construct this tense in
Spanish.
We use the present
perfect tense a lot in English and also in Spanish. The Spanish present perfect
is used to talk about things that started in the past and which continue or
repeat in the present. It's also used to talk about things that have happened
in the recent past.
For example:
I have had
three dogs … He tenido tres perros
How would
you say: I have had three husbands (he tenido tres
maridos)
I have lived
in four homes … He vivido en cuatro casas
How would
you say: I have lived in four cities (he vivido en
cuatro ciudades)
To create
the perfect tense, you use the verb haber (to
have). I know tener means to have, but we use haber only as a “helping verb” to
create compound tenses.
So, to
create the perfect tense of a verb, you need to use the correct conjugation of
haber in the present tense + the past participle of the verb.
Your books
with verb tables will all give the past participle. With regular verbs, it’s
easy – you just take the stem and add ado for -ar verbs and ido for -ir and -er
verbs. It’s like adding ‘ed’ to English verbs. So …
Hablar
becomes hablado
Tener becomes tenido
Vivir becomes vivido
Ir
(to go)
becomes ido
Warning:
there are lots of irregular past participles.
Conjugte
haber in the present …
Yo he
Tu has
El/ella/usted ha
Nosotros hemos
Vosotros habéis
Ellos/ellas/ustedes han
Let’s try some exercices:
I have seen the mountains of Perú.
Has ido a Colombia. Ir (to go) PP is ido
You have gone to Colombia.
Usted ha escrito un poema bonito. Escribir (to write) PP is escrito
You have written a pretty poem.
Él ha dormido 10 horas. Dormir (to sleep) PP is dormido
He has slept 10 hours.
Ella ha dicho que es una princesa. Decir (to say) PP is dicho
She has said that she is a princess.
Hemos vuelto
para
comprar la leche. Volver (to return) PP is
vuelto
We have returned to buy milk.
Habéis
cantado muy
bien. Cantar (to sing)PP is cantado
You have sung very well.
Ustedes han hecho un pastel delicioso. Hacer (to make) PP is hecho
You have made a delicious cake.
Ellos han bailado en 12 países. Bailar (to dance) PP is bailado
They have danced in 12 countries.
Ellas han oído la verdad. Oír (to hear) PP is oído
They have heard the truth.
OK, back to Chapter 10 of Sueños. We finished
in a bit of a hurry last week, so let’s go through things again:
Aquí
hay tres personas que hablan sobre el tipo de transporte que normalmente usan.
Persona uno:
Maria:
¿Siempre va usted en autobús?
Lucía:
Siempre en autobús, sí exactamente.
Maria:
¿Y le gusta viajar en autobús?
Lucía: Me encanta.
What mode of transport does Lucía always use?
Does she like it? Write a sentence answering those questions.
Lucía siempre va en autobús. A Lucía le encanta el autobús.
Persona dos:
Carlos:
Uso el metro por las mañanas para ir a trabajar.
Luis:
¿Usa usted el tren a veces?
Carlos:
Uso el tren ocasionalmente. Algunos fines de semana viajo para visitar a mi
familia fuera de Madrid y algún otro viaje de placer, normalmente, fines de
semana.
How does Carlos travel to work? When does he
use the train? Write a sentence answering those questions.
Carlos usa el metro para viajar a trabajar. Él viaja en tren algunos
fines de semana para visitar a su familia fuera de Madrid.
Miguel: ¿Tú coges
normalmente el tren?
Alberto:
Sí bastante.
Miguel: ¿Y para que lo
coges? ¿Dónde vas en tren?
Alberto: Bueno, voy
mucho a Málaga, durante los fines de semana.
¿A dónde va Alberto en
tren durante los fines de semana?
Alberto
viaja a Málaga en tren durante los fines de semana.
Cojo el tren
Tomo el tren
Uso
el tren … are
all ways to say I take the train.
How would
you say:
Do you take the
train? in the formal form. Usted coge, toma,
usa el tren
We take the train. Cogemos el
tren, Tomamos el tren. Usamos el tren
Uso
el tren … and
then say why: para ir al trabajo (to go to
work).
You can also say: Voy al trabajo
en tren.
How would
you say:
We go to
work by bus.
They go to
work by train.
He goes to
work by car.
Don’t forget
ir is an irregular verb (it’s about as irregular as they get)
You can also
walk – andar, caminar, a pie
Voy a la universidad a pie
Voy a la universidad andando
Camino a la universidad. Camino also
means the way, so to be clear, I would say Yo camino a la universidad.
Let’s try
another verb – venir (to come)
Qué tipo/medios de transporte usan para venir a
la clase de español
I come to
Spanish Class by car
Vengo a la clase de español en coche
¿Alguien
usa el autobús?
We come to
Spanish Class by bus
She comes to
Spanish Class by bike.
Venimos a la clase de español en autobús
Ella viene a clase de español en bicicleta. (or bici)
Let’s have
some more conversation:
Marta: ¿Cuando vas de vacaciones, vas en tren
normalmente?
Alberto: Sí, normalmente voy en tren de vacaciones.
Marta: ¿Por qué prefieres el tren?
Alberto: Me gusta viajar en tren porque es un transporte
cómodo. No es caro, el precio es más o menos equivalente a otro medio de
transporte y el tiempo también.
¿Por qué prefiere Alberto el tren? Jot your answer down …
Alberto prefiere el tren porque no es caro (es
barato) y es cómodo.
¿Qué medio de transporte prefieres? ¿El tren,
el autobús, la bicicleta o el coche?
¿Por
qué prefieres ……………….?
To answer,
you could say:
Prefiero el tren porque … es cómodo
es rápido
es barato
No me gusta el tren porque es muy caro, no hay
asientos y está lleno de gente molesta. Pero no puedo conducir debido a la
congestión del tráfico.
Getting
around …
To ask how
to get somewhere, you will need to use the verb poder (to
be able). We’ve used this a lot lately, but can we conjugate it? It is a
stem-changing -er verb, but let’s try:
Yo puedo
Tú puedes
Él, ella,
usted puede
Nosotros podemos
Vosotros podéis
Ellos,
ellas, ustedes pueden
¿Cómo
puedo ir a …? Means
how can I get to …?
If there
were two of you, how would you say: How can we get to …?
¿Cómo puedo ir de … a …? Means how can I get from …
to …?
Listening exercise:
¿Cómo puedo ir a Londres?
Hay autobuses, pero el tren es mejor.
¿Cuánto cuesta?
¿Va y vuelve usted?
Sí
El boleto (billete) más barato es de ida y
vuelta para el mismo día a veintiocho libras esterlinas.
¿Cuánto tiempo se hace?
Aproximadamente una hora y quince minutos.
Gracias, y ¿cómo puedo ir de Londres a Bath?
Nuevamente, el tren es mejor. Debes tomar
el metro hasta Paddington y tomar el tren a Bath. Costará alrededor de sesenta
libras esterlinas por un boleto de ida y vuelta.
Cielito Lindo
In the autumn
term, I played you the ‘unofficial’ national anthem of Cuba – Guantanamera –
this week’s song is the unofficial national anthem of Mexico which is Cielito
Lindo.
They sing it
whenever they get the opportunity and, like Guantanamera, the tune has also
been stolen by football fans.
For me it has
extra poignancy because I used to sing it to my granddaughter when she wouldn’t
go to sleep.
Cielito Lindo roughly translates as "Lovely Sweet
One". The word cielo means "sky" or "heaven" but
is also a term of endearment comparable to sweetheart or honey. Cielito,
the diminutive, can be translated as "sweetie"; lindo means
"cute", "lovely" or "pretty".
It is debated if the song talks about the Sierra
Morena, a mountain range in the south region of Spain, or the similarly named Sierra Morones in Mexico.
I have stolen the words in Spanish and English
from Wikipedia. The literal translation is just that – too literal. Like many
songs in South America, there are multi-choice verses and the first and third
verses seem to be the ones that are sung most often.
I have two versions to play to you. The first is
by Ana Gabriel, a famous Mexican singer/songwriter, who treats the song with
due reverence: https://youtu.be/Q5e2dAI0c9Y . The second is by that cheesy Dutchman Andre Rieu from a concert
his orchestra performed in Mexico: https://youtu.be/YQJTuRJS8OI . His orchestra is dressed in Mexican hats and bandit costumes,
but the audience isn’t complaining about cultural appropriation - they love it
and when he strikes up Cielito Lindo, they go apeshit!
|
Literal English translation
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|
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De la Sierra Morena,
cielito lindo, vienen bajando, Un par de ojitos negros, cielito lindo, de contrabando.
Estribillo:
Ay, ay, ay, ay,
Canta y no llores, Porque cantando se alegran, cielito lindo, los corazones. Pájaro que abandona, cielito lindo, su primer nido, Si lo encuentra ocupado, cielito lindo, bien merecido. (Estribillo)
Ese lunar que tienes,
cielito lindo, junto a la boca, No se lo des a nadie, cielito lindo, que a mí me toca. (Estribillo)
Una flecha en el aire,
cielito lindo, lanzó Cupido, si la tiró jugando, cielito lindo, a mí me ha herido. (Estribillo) |
From Sierra Morena,
Pretty darling, coming down are A pair of little black eyes, Pretty darling, sneaking by. Refrain:
Ah, ah, ah, ah,
Sing and don't cry, Because by singing they get happy, Pretty darling, the hearts. A bird that abandons, Pretty darling, his first nest, If he finds it occupied, Pretty darling, it is well deserved. (Refrain)
That beauty mark that you have
Pretty darling, next to your mouth, Don't give it to anyone, Pretty darling, for it is mine. (Refrain)
An arrow in the air
Pretty darling, Cupid launched If he shot it playing, Pretty little heaven, she has hurt me. (Refrain) |
Spanish in
Five Minutes
How would we say “fingers crossed” in Spanish? To
cross is cruzar, fingers are dedos and Google will translate it as ‘dedos cruzados’.
Here’s another example of how you cannot translate
English literally into Spanish. They don’t say that in Spanish, they say ‘we
are crossing the fingers’ ¡Crucemos los
dedos!
Links to all
the videos will be on the blog and Facebook page.
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